Business Setup in Abu Dhabi – The Complete 2025 Guide

23 May 2025

By Vista Corp

Why Choose Abu Dhabi for Business Setup? 

Abu Dhabi stands as one of the most attractive global destinations for business setup in 2025, offering a blend of economic opportunity, political stability, and robust government support. As the capital of the United Arab Emirates, Abu Dhabi has invested billions in infrastructure, technology, and economic diversification. This proactive approach makes the city a magnet for entrepreneurs, investors, and startups from around the world. One of the most significant reasons to choose Abu Dhabi for your new business setup is its strategic geographic location. Positioned at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa, Abu Dhabi serves as a gateway for international trade and investment. The emirate’s ports, airports, and logistics hubs are world-class, enabling fast, seamless access to over two billion consumers within a four-hour flight radius.

Government incentives play a crucial role in attracting foreign investors. Abu Dhabi’s Vision 2030 and ongoing economic reforms are designed to support private sector growth, innovation, and diversification away from oil. The government offers a range of incentives including tax exemptions, 100% foreign ownership in many sectors, streamlined licensing processes, and funding programs for startups and SMEs. The business environment in Abu Dhabi is defined by a stable regulatory framework, transparent legal system, and access to skilled talent from across the globe. Major multinational corporations and successful SMEs have made Abu Dhabi their home, citing its pro-business policies, zero personal income tax, and advanced infrastructure as key factors. Additionally, Abu Dhabi’s strong banking sector, abundant free zones, and vibrant investment community ensure that businesses of all sizes find the support they need to thrive.

Key Statistics (2024-2025):

• Over 100,000 active businesses operating in Abu Dhabi
  
• Non-oil GDP growth surpassing 6% year-on-year
  
• More than 40 free zones and special economic areas
  
• Ranked among the top 15 safest cities globally
  
• Startup investment funding exceeded $1 billion in 2024
  

Whether you’re a solo entrepreneur, SME, or multinational, Abu Dhabi provides the ideal environment for business setup, company growth, and long-term profitability.

Business Setup in Abu Dhabi – An Overview 

Starting a business in Abu Dhabi is a process designed to accommodate both local and international entrepreneurs. The emirate has continually modernized its regulatory landscape, making it easier than ever to launch and grow a company. Understanding the available options for business setup is the critical first step, whether you are a UAE resident, expat, or foreign investor.

Abu Dhabi offers several legal avenues for company formation, each with unique benefits and requirements. The three main choices are: mainland business setup, free zone company formation, and offshore company registration. Each structure is suited to different business goals, operational requirements, and ownership expectations.

• Mainland Companies allow you to trade freely across the UAE and internationally. Recent reforms now permit 100% foreign ownership for most activities, which was historically limited.
  
• Free Zone Companies offer 100% foreign ownership, exemption from corporate and personal taxes, repatriation of profits, and fast-track setup processes. Free zones are best for businesses that don’t require a physical presence in the wider UAE market or want to operate in specific sectors like media, technology, or logistics.
  
• Offshore Companies are typically used for asset protection, international trading, or holding intellectual property. While they cannot trade within the UAE, they offer confidentiality and favorable tax benefits.
  

Here’s a quick comparison table to help visualize the options:

Key Terms to Know:

• DED: Department of Economic Development (mainland regulator)
  
• Free Zone Authority: Governing body for each free zone (e.g., ADAFZ, KIZAD, ADGM)
  
• Sponsor: Historically required for some mainland businesses, now optional for many
  

With over 40 free zones and streamlined government processes, Abu Dhabi is home to a diverse business community. Entrepreneurs can choose from thousands of approved business activities, ranging from traditional retail and industrial manufacturing to fintech startups and digital agencies.

Abu Dhabi’s business setup consultants play a vital role, guiding investors through paperwork, regulatory steps, and local requirements. Whether you’re planning a new business setup, an expansion, or a branch, the emirate’s flexible company formation landscape makes it possible to tailor your business structure for success.

Step-by-Step Guide to Company Formation in Abu Dhabi

Setting up a business in Abu Dhabi involves a series of logical, well-defined steps. Each phase ensures regulatory compliance, protects investors’ interests, and helps the business launch smoothly. Below is a detailed step-by-step breakdown of the company formation process in Abu Dhabi, with a focus on the most common scenarios—mainland and free zone setups. While some steps can vary by sector or legal structure, this guide covers the universal essentials every entrepreneur must follow.

1. Deciding Your Business Activity and Legal Structure

Your business activity determines your licensing requirements, setup path, and compliance obligations. Abu Dhabi offers a list of over 2,000 approved business activities, from retail and consultancy to manufacturing and fintech. Begin by clarifying your business goals and matching them with the appropriate activity on the Abu Dhabi Department of Economic Development (ADDED) or relevant free zone authority list.

Key Decisions:

• Business Activity: Choose from retail, trading, services, e-commerce, consultancy, manufacturing, etc.
  
• Legal Structure: Decide between LLC, sole proprietorship, branch office, private/public shareholding, or free zone company.
  

For most SMEs and startups, an LLC (Limited Liability Company) or a Free Zone Company is optimal, balancing limited liability, ownership flexibility, and operational freedom.

2. Trade Name Registration Abu Dhabi

Selecting a trade name is a critical branding and regulatory step. The name must comply with Abu Dhabi’s naming conventions—avoid offensive words, religious references, or existing trademarks.
Process:

• Search availability through the ADDED portal or the free zone’s trade name search tool.
  
• Reserve your preferred name (can usually be done online within 24 hours).
  
• Pay nominal reservation fees.
  

Tips:

• Keep the name relevant to your activity.
  
• Ensure it’s easy to pronounce and memorable.
  

3. Selecting the Best Location – Mainland vs. Free Zone

Mainland: Suitable for businesses wanting to trade directly with the UAE market, participate in government contracts, or have a physical office across Abu Dhabi.

Free Zone: Ideal for companies focusing on international business, sector-specific activities (logistics, tech, media), or requiring full foreign ownership.

4. Getting Pre-Approvals

Depending on your business activity, you may need initial approvals from sector regulators or municipal authorities:

• DED/ADDED for mainland
  
• Relevant Free Zone Authority for free zone companies
  
• Special permissions for health, legal, education, or industrial businesses
  

Pre-approvals ensure your activity is allowed and that your documents are in order.

5. Document Submission & Company Registration

Gather the required documents (see full checklist in a later section). Submit them online or at the relevant government center. Most free zones and ADDED have digital platforms for hassle-free uploads and status tracking.

Commonly required documents:

• Passport copies of shareholders/owners
  
• Trade name reservation certificate
  
• NOC (if needed)
  
• Business plan (for some activities)
  
• Lease agreement (for physical office)
  
• Power of attorney (if using a consultant)
  

Once documents are verified, you’ll receive an initial approval.

6. Obtaining Your Abu Dhabi Business License

After approval, pay the licensing fee and receive your business license. License types include:

• Commercial License: For trading, retail, general commerce
  
• Professional License: For consultancy, services, education, etc.
  
• Industrial License: For manufacturing, production, industrial activity
  

Licenses are valid for one year and must be renewed annually.

7. Visa Application & Immigration Steps

A valid business license allows you to sponsor visas for owners, investors, employees, and dependents.
Steps include:

• Entry permit application
  
• Medical fitness test
  
• Emirates ID biometrics
  
• Residency stamping
  

Abu Dhabi’s e-channel system and fast-track services make this step efficient, often completed in 1–2 weeks.

8. Setting Up a Business Bank Account

Open a corporate bank account with a leading Abu Dhabi bank. Prepare documents such as trade license, MOA, passport copies, and office lease. Some banks require a physical office for compliance checks.

Top banks for business accounts:

• First Abu Dhabi Bank (FAB)
  
• Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank (ADCB)
  
• Emirates NBD
  
• Mashreq Bank
  

Pro tip: Schedule a meeting in advance and keep all documents ready to speed up the process.

Each of these steps is crucial for a smooth business setup in Abu Dhabi, ensuring you comply with regulations and launch your venture on solid ground.

Business Setup Cost in Abu Dhabi 

Understanding the cost of business setup in Abu Dhabi is crucial for entrepreneurs and investors looking to plan their finances and ensure a smooth launch. While Abu Dhabi offers a wide range of business setup options—from low-cost free zone startups to full-scale mainland operations—the total cost can vary significantly depending on business activity, legal structure, office requirements, and whether you’re using business setup consultants in Abu Dhabi.

1. Key Cost Components

a) Government Fees:
These include company registration fees, trade name reservation, initial approval, license issuance, and sometimes Chamber of Commerce registration. For most businesses, these government charges are the largest portion of the setup cost.

b) Business License Fees:
Annual business license fees are mandatory and depend on the activity type (commercial, professional, industrial), the number of business activities listed, and the chosen jurisdiction (mainland or free zone).

c) Office Space Costs:
Mainland companies require a physical office lease, with rental rates varying based on location and size. Free zone businesses can often start with a flexi-desk or virtual office package at a reduced rate.

d) Local Sponsor/Service Agent Fees (Mainland only):
If required, a local sponsor or service agent may charge an annual fee. However, due to new ownership reforms, many activities now allow 100% foreign ownership, making sponsors optional for most.

e) Other Administrative Costs:
These include document attestation, notarization, visa fees for partners and employees, medical tests, Emirates ID, and bank account opening fees.

3. Tips for Cost-Effective Business Setup in Abu Dhabi

• Compare Packages: Free zones offer special packages for startups, e-commerce, and consulting. Evaluate these against mainland options.
  
• Negotiate Rent: Leverage business centers and shared office spaces to minimize upfront costs.
  
• Choose the Right Consultant: Reputable business setup companies in Abu Dhabi often offer bundled services, saving both money and time.
  
• Factor in Recurring Costs: Annual license renewal, office lease, and visa renewal costs should be considered for long-term planning.
  

Abu Dhabi’s government has taken significant steps to make business setup more affordable and transparent, especially for new business setups and SMEs. Many free zones periodically run incentives or fee waivers for new registrations, further reducing initial costs.

In summary:

While the upfront investment varies, Abu Dhabi remains competitive among global business hubs for its value-driven setup environment, long-term benefits, and investor-friendly policies.

Required Documents for Abu Dhabi Company Registration 

Preparing the correct documents is a critical part of the business setup process in Abu Dhabi. Missing paperwork can lead to delays, rejections, or even legal complications. Whether you are setting up a mainland company, a free zone business, or an offshore entity, the core documentation is similar, though some requirements can vary by jurisdiction and business activity.

1. Standard Document Checklist

Below is a comprehensive list of documents typically required for Abu Dhabi company registration:

• Passport Copies: Valid copies of the passports for all shareholders, directors, and managers. (Clear, full-page scans are required.)
  
• Visa Page/Entry Stamp: Copy of UAE entry stamp or valid UAE visa (for residents or those inside UAE).
  
• Photographs: Recent passport-sized color photos of shareholders and managers (with white background).
  
• Proof of Address: Utility bill, bank statement, or tenancy contract as proof of residence for each shareholder (not older than 3 months).
  
• Trade Name Reservation Certificate: Evidence that your chosen business name has been approved and reserved by the relevant authority.
  
• Initial Approval Certificate: Pre-approval issued by the Department of Economic Development (DED), Free Zone Authority, or relevant body.
  
• Memorandum & Articles of Association (MOA/AOA): The company’s founding charter and rules, notarized and attested as required.
  
• Board Resolution: For corporate shareholders, a board resolution authorizing the company formation and appointing representatives.
  
• No Objection Certificate (NOC): If an existing UAE resident is on a dependent or employment visa, a NOC from the sponsor/employer may be required.
  
• Tenancy/Ejari Contract: A valid lease agreement for the business premises or flexi-desk office (as required by your jurisdiction).
  
• Business Plan: Some free zones, especially for specific sectors or high-value activities, require a simple business plan outlining your objectives.
  
• Power of Attorney: If a business setup consultant or law firm is representing you, an attested POA is necessary.
  

2. Sector-Specific and Additional Requirements

• Professional/Industrial Licenses: For medical, legal, educational, or manufacturing activities, approvals from additional authorities (e.g., Ministry of Health, Department of Education) may be required.
  
• Corporate Shareholders: Corporate documents such as Certificate of Incorporation, Certificate of Good Standing, and authorized signatory list, all attested by the UAE Embassy.
  
• Bank Reference Letter: Some banks require a reference letter from the shareholder’s personal or corporate bank.
  

3. Pro Tips for Document Preparation

• Notarization & Attestation: Many foreign-issued documents must be notarized in their country of origin, legalized by the UAE Embassy, and finally attested by the UAE Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  
• Translations: All documents not in English or Arabic must be translated by a certified translator and stamped accordingly.
  
• Digital Copies: Always have scanned, high-resolution PDF versions of all documents ready for upload.
  

Quick Reference Table:

Having these documents ready and correctly attested can significantly speed up your business setup in Abu Dhabi. Business setup consultants in Abu Dhabi can guide you on document specifics and handle attestation logistics, saving time and avoiding costly errors.

Abu Dhabi Free Zones – The Smart Choice? 

Free zones in Abu Dhabi have become a magnet for global entrepreneurs and startups, offering unmatched flexibility, investor-friendly regulations, and fast-track setup procedures. If your business doesn’t require trading directly in the UAE local market, setting up in a free zone can often be the most cost-effective, streamlined, and rewarding option.

1. Benefits of Setting Up a Business in Abu Dhabi Free Zones

• 100% Foreign Ownership: Free zones allow full foreign ownership, eliminating the need for a local sponsor or partner.
  
• Zero Corporate & Personal Taxes: Most free zones offer a tax holiday (up to 50 years), with no personal income or corporate tax (except for specific sectors or new national tax changes).
  
• Repatriation of Profits: You can freely repatriate 100% of profits and capital without restriction.
  
• No Currency Restrictions: Operate in any currency, with no exchange controls.
  
• Streamlined Company Formation: Registration, licensing, and visa processing are typically handled by the free zone authority through a “one-stop shop.”
  
• Sector-Specific Ecosystems: Some zones are tailored to specific industries (tech, media, logistics, manufacturing), offering sector-focused facilities and networking.
  
• Flexible Office Solutions: Options range from virtual offices and flexi-desks to full-scale warehouses and industrial units.
  

2. Top Free Zones in Abu Dhabi (2025)

Below is a summary table of the leading free zones, with their key features and sector focus:

Pro tip: Each free zone has its own rules on allowed activities, office space, minimum capital, and visa quotas. Choosing the right one can optimize costs and benefits.

3. Spotlight: Abu Dhabi Airport Free Zone (ADAFZ)

Why ADAFZ?

• Location: Situated within Abu Dhabi International Airport—ideal for aviation, e-commerce, logistics, and import/export businesses.
  
• Benefits: 100% foreign ownership, modern warehouses, quick customs clearance, access to global markets.
  
• Setup Process: Often completed in 5–7 working days, with digital support for documentation and licensing.
  

4. Free Zone Company Setup – The Process

• Application: Submit business activity, trade name, shareholder documents, and office selection.
  
• Initial Approval: Free zone reviews activity compliance and documentation.
  
• Payment & Licensing: Pay registration and license fees; receive your business license.
  
• Visa Allocation: Obtain visas for shareholders, employees, and dependents.
  
• Office Move-In: Set up at your selected office, flexi-desk, or warehouse.
  

5. Is Free Zone the Right Choice for You?

Free zones are perfect for international trade, consulting, e-commerce, logistics, media, and tech businesses seeking global reach and regulatory simplicity. However, if your primary market is the UAE mainland, or you require participation in government contracts, a mainland license may be better.

In summary:

Abu Dhabi free zones combine cost efficiency, rapid setup, and robust investor protections. They’re ideal for entrepreneurs seeking maximum ownership, ease of doing business, and access to a thriving international ecosystem.

Mainland Company Formation in Abu Dhabi 

Forming a mainland company in Abu Dhabi unlocks broad business opportunities, offering access to the entire UAE market and eligibility for lucrative government contracts. Recent regulatory reforms now allow up to 100% foreign ownership for most activities, making mainland business setup more attractive than ever before.

1. Key Features of Mainland Business Setup

• Local Market Access: Mainland companies can trade freely anywhere in the UAE, without restrictions on doing business with government or private clients.
  
• Full Range of Activities: From retail and trading to consultancy, contracting, and manufacturing, almost any licensed business activity can be conducted under a mainland license.
  
• Office Requirement: A physical office lease in Abu Dhabi is mandatory for all mainland companies, with a minimum office space stipulated by the authorities.
  
• Visa Eligibility: Mainland companies can sponsor an unlimited number of employee and investor visas, subject to office size and business activity.
  
• Participation in Tenders: Only mainland firms can apply for UAE government tenders and contracts—often the most lucrative sector for established companies.
  

2. Recent Reforms: 100% Foreign Ownership

Prior to 2021, most mainland businesses in Abu Dhabi required a UAE national partner holding at least 51% shares. Today, the vast majority of business activities allow up to 100% foreign ownership, especially in commercial and professional sectors. Only a short list of activities with strategic importance (oil & gas, security, etc.) still require a local partner.

This regulatory shift has made Abu Dhabi’s mainland setup as appealing as leading global jurisdictions, especially for international entrepreneurs.

3. Step-by-Step Mainland Company Setup Process

• Decide on Activity and Structure: Choose your business activity (trading, consultancy, etc.) and legal structure (LLC, branch, sole proprietorship, etc.).
  
• Trade Name Approval: Reserve your company name through the Abu Dhabi Department of Economic Development (ADDED).
  
• Initial Approvals: Obtain activity-specific and regulatory approvals (if needed).
  
• Draft MOA/AOA: Prepare and notarize the Memorandum and Articles of Association (for LLCs).
  
• Lease Office Space: Secure a tenancy contract (Ejari) for your business premises.
  
• Document Submission: Submit all documents, including IDs, MOA, tenancy contract, and approvals.
  
• Payment and License Issuance: Pay the license fee, register with the Chamber of Commerce, and receive your business license.
  
• Visa Processing: Apply for investor and employee visas via Abu Dhabi’s e-channel system.
  
• Bank Account Setup: Open a corporate bank account using your new trade license and documents.
  

4. When Is Mainland Setup Better Than Free Zone?

• When you want to trade directly with UAE-based customers, retailers, or the government.
  
• When you need unlimited visas or want to grow your headcount.
  
• When participating in tenders or public sector contracts.
  
• When your business requires a prominent, physical presence in Abu Dhabi.
  

5. Choosing a Business Setup Consultant for Mainland

Given the paperwork, local regulations, and evolving compliance, most investors choose a reputable business setup company in Abu Dhabi to handle the process end-to-end—saving time, avoiding errors, and ensuring the setup is fully compliant.

In summary:

Mainland company formation in Abu Dhabi now provides global entrepreneurs with unprecedented ownership rights, local market access, and a fast, modern setup process. It’s the best option for ambitious businesses aiming for growth across the UAE and beyond.

LLC Company Formation in Abu Dhabi 

A Limited Liability Company (LLC) is one of the most popular and flexible legal structures for business setup in Abu Dhabi. Ideal for small to large enterprises, an LLC provides a balanced blend of operational freedom, investor protection, and local credibility. Thanks to recent reforms, LLCs now permit up to 100% foreign ownership for most business activities, making them the top choice for both UAE nationals and international investors.

1. Key Advantages of LLC Formation

• Limited Liability: Owners’ liability is limited to their capital investment, protecting personal assets.
  
• Full Market Access: LLCs can trade directly with local and international customers and participate in UAE government contracts.
  
• Ownership Flexibility: Most business activities now allow 100% foreign ownership, with local sponsors required only for a handful of strategic sectors.
  
• Visa Sponsorship: LLCs can sponsor investor, employee, and dependent visas, with the number of visas linked to office space and business activity.
  
• No Minimum Capital Requirement: While previously a minimum capital was mandatory, current laws allow flexibility unless specified for particular regulated sectors.
  
• Business Credibility: Operating as an LLC lends professional legitimacy and fosters trust among local clients, government entities, and suppliers.
  

2. Step-by-Step LLC Formation Process

• Choose Business Activity: Select your activity from the Abu Dhabi Department of Economic Development (ADDED) list.
  
• Reserve Trade Name: Submit 2–3 trade name options for approval and reservation.
  
• Draft MOA/AOA: Prepare a Memorandum and Articles of Association outlining company structure, ownership, and responsibilities. This document must be notarized.
  
• Obtain Approvals: Secure initial approval from ADDED and any special regulatory approvals if your activity is regulated (e.g., healthcare, engineering).
  
• Lease Office Premises: Sign a tenancy agreement (Ejari) for the required office space.
  
• Submit Documents: File all documentation with ADDED, including shareholder passports, MOA, tenancy contract, and approvals.
  
• Payment & Licensing: Pay license and registration fees; your LLC trade license will be issued.
  
• Chamber of Commerce Registration: Enroll with the Abu Dhabi Chamber of Commerce for further business credibility and networking.
  
• Apply for Visas: With the trade license, apply for investor and employee visas via the immigration e-channel.
  
• Open Corporate Bank Account: Use your trade license and incorporation documents to open an account with a leading UAE bank.
  

3. Who Should Choose an LLC in Abu Dhabi?

• Businesses planning to operate both in the UAE and abroad
  
• Companies that need direct access to the UAE local market or want to bid for government contracts
  
• Investors seeking the protection of limited liability
  
• Entrepreneurs who require flexibility in profit sharing and company management
  

4. Comparison: LLC vs. Other Structures

In summary:

Forming an LLC in Abu Dhabi delivers strong legal protections, local business legitimacy, and direct access to the region’s most lucrative markets. The streamlined setup process, updated ownership laws, and flexible structure make LLCs an excellent option for ambitious startups and established enterprises alike.

Online Business Setup in Abu Dhabi 

The digital economy in Abu Dhabi is booming, with e-commerce, digital services, and technology-driven startups experiencing record growth in 2025. Whether you’re planning to launch an e-commerce website, digital consultancy, content platform, or app, Abu Dhabi offers clear pathways for online business setup with robust legal, financial, and infrastructure support.

1. Why Set Up an Online Business in Abu Dhabi?

• Rapid Market Growth: UAE e-commerce sales exceeded $12 billion in 2024 and are projected to keep rising.
  
• Smart Government Initiatives: Programs like “Abu Dhabi Digital Authority” (ADDA) and “Hub71” support startups with funding, resources, and innovation hubs.
  
• Full Foreign Ownership: Both mainland and free zone setups now allow 100% foreign ownership for online businesses and tech activities.
  
• Tax Benefits: No personal income tax and corporate tax exemptions (up to a threshold) for many startups.
  

2. Step-by-Step Online Business Registration Process

a) Define Your Digital Activity:

List your planned online activities—e-commerce, consultancy, app development, SaaS, media, etc. Choose the relevant business activity from the Department of Economic Development (DED) or your preferred free zone.

b) Choose Jurisdiction:

• Mainland License: Ideal if you want to sell online to UAE residents, including on popular platforms like Noon, Amazon UAE, or via your own site.
  
• Free Zone License: Best for startups serving international clients, digital exports, or requiring a fast, low-cost launch.
  

c) Trade Name Approval:

Reserve a unique business name online with DED or the free zone authority.

d) Apply for Initial Approval:

Submit business plan and identification documents. For some digital businesses, a simple business model outline is required.

e) Office or Virtual Address:

While some free zones offer virtual office packages, mainland licenses typically require a small physical office or coworking space.

f) License Issuance:

Pay the license fees and obtain your trade license, specifying “online business” or e-commerce as your activity.

g) Payment Gateway & Compliance:

Register with a local payment gateway (e.g., Telr, PayTabs, Network International) and ensure your website complies with UAE e-commerce regulations—privacy policies, secure checkout, return policies, etc.

h) Visa & Bank Account:

Apply for investor and employee visas if needed, then open a business bank account for seamless digital transactions.

3. Special Notes for Online Startups

• DED eTrader License: For UAE residents, the DED “eTrader” license allows operating a home-based business using social media, without a physical shop.
  
• Free Zone Tech Hubs: Free zones like ADGM, Hub71, and TwoFour54 offer sector-specific support, funding opportunities, and networking for digital businesses.
  
• Regulatory Compliance: E-commerce businesses must comply with consumer protection, data privacy, and digital content laws.
  

In summary:

Online business setup in Abu Dhabi is easier and more profitable than ever. With a supportive ecosystem, global connectivity, and low barriers to entry, digital entrepreneurs have the resources they need to succeed.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Business Setup in Abu Dhabi

1. How do I start a business in Abu Dhabi as a foreigner?

Starting a business in Abu Dhabi as a foreigner has become more accessible due to recent reforms. Here’s a step-by-step guide:

• Choose the Business Activity and Legal Structure: Decide on the type of business activity and the appropriate legal structure (e.g., LLC, branch office).
  
• Select the Jurisdiction: Choose between mainland and free zone jurisdictions based on your business needs.
  
• Reserve a Trade Name: Apply for the reservation of your company’s trade name through the Department of Economic Development (DED) or the relevant free zone authority.
  
• Obtain Initial Approval: Submit the required documents to get initial approval for your business activity.
  
• Lease Office Space: Secure a physical office space or a virtual office, depending on the jurisdiction’s requirements.
  
• Prepare Legal Documents: Draft and notarize the Memorandum of Association (MOA) and other necessary documents.
  
• Submit Final Documents and Pay Fees: Submit all finalized documents and pay the necessary fees to obtain your business license.
  
• Visa Processing: Apply for visas for yourself and your employees through the relevant immigration channels.
  

2. What are the main types of business licenses available in Abu Dhabi?

Abu Dhabi offers several types of business licenses, each catering to different business activities:

• Commercial License: For trading activities, including buying and selling goods.
  
• Professional License: For service-oriented businesses, such as consultancy, IT services, and artisans.
  
• Industrial License: For manufacturing or industrial activities.
  
• Tourism License: For businesses involved in travel, hospitality, and tourism services.
  
• Agricultural License: For farming and agricultural activities.
  
• Craftsmanship License: For skilled trades and craftspeople.Ministry of Education
  

3. What is the step-by-step process for business setup in Abu Dhabi?

The general process for setting up a business in Abu Dhabi involves the following steps:

1. Determine Business Activity: Identify the nature of your business and the appropriate license type.
   
2. Choose Legal Structure: Decide on the legal form of your business (e.g., LLC, sole proprietorship).
   
3. Select Jurisdiction: Choose between mainland and free zone setup.
   
4. Reserve Trade Name: Apply for trade name reservation
   
5. Obtain Initial Approval: Submit initial approval application with required documents.
   
6. Lease Office Space: Secure a tenancy contract for office premises.
   
7. Draft Legal Documents: Prepare MOA and other legal documents.
   
8. Submit Final Documents: Submit all documents and pay fees to obtain the business license.
   
9. Visa Processing: Apply for visas for owners and employees.
   
10. Open Bank Account: Set up a corporate bank account.
    

Detailed procedures can vary based on the chosen jurisdiction and business activity.

4. How much does it cost to start a business in Abu Dhabi?

The cost of setting up a business in Abu Dhabi varies depending on several factors, including the type of business, chosen jurisdiction, and office space requirements.

• Mainland Setup: Costs can range, covering trade license fees, initial approvals, and office rent.
  
• Free Zone Setup: Packages, depending on the free zone and the services included.
  

Additional costs may include visa fees, insurance, and other administrative expenses.

5. What documents are required to register a company in Abu Dhabi?

The documentation required can vary based on the business type and jurisdiction, but generally includes:

• Passport copies of shareholders and managers
  
• Proof of residence for shareholders.
  
• Trade name reservation certificate.
  
• Initial approval certificate.
  
• Memorandum of Association (MOA).
  
• Tenancy contract for office space.
  
• Business plan (for certain activities).
  
• NOC from current sponsor (if applicable).
  

It’s advisable to consult with the DED or a business setup consultant for a comprehensive list tailored to your specific business.

6. Can I set up a business in Abu Dhabi without a local sponsor?

Yes, recent changes in UAE law have allowed for 100% foreign ownership in many business activities, eliminating the need for a local sponsor. However, certain strategic sectors may still require local participation. It’s essential to verify the requirements for your specific business activity.

7. What are the benefits of setting up a business in Abu Dhabi free zones?

Setting up in a free zone offers several advantages:

• 100% foreign ownership.
  
• Full repatriation of profits and capital.
  
• Exemption from import and export duties.
  
• No personal or corporate income taxes for a specified period.
  
• Simplified setup process with streamlined administrative procedures.
  
• Access to modern infrastructure and business facilities.
  

Free zones are ideal for businesses focusing on international markets and those seeking a cost-effective setup.

8. How long does it take to register a business in Abu Dhabi?

The registration timeline can vary:

• Free Zone Setup: Typically takes between 3 to 7 working days, depending on the free zone authority and completeness of documentation.
  
• Mainland Setup: May take between 7 to 10 working days, subject to approvals and document processing.
  

Complex business activities requiring additional approvals may extend the timeline.

9. What are the most popular business activities for company formation in Abu Dhabi?

Popular business activities include:

• E-commerce and online retail.
  
• Consultancy services (e.g., management, IT, marketing).
  
• Healthcare and wellness services.
  
• Education and training centers.
  
• Tourism and hospitality services.
  
• Real estate and property management.
  
• Renewable energy and sustainability projects.
  

These sectors align with Abu Dhabi’s economic diversification strategy and offer significant growth opportunities.

10. How do I renew my business license in Abu Dhabi?

To renew your business license:

1. Ensure all documents are up to date, including the tenancy contract and any required approvals.
   
2. Submit a renewal application through the DED or relevant free zone authority portal.
   
3. Pay the renewal fees as specified.
   
4. Receive the renewed license upon approval.
   

It’s advisable to initiate the renewal process well before the license expiry to avoid penalties.

What is the difference between mainland and free zone company setup in Abu Dhabi?

• Mainland Company:
  
  • Registered with Abu Dhabi Department of Economic Development (ADDED).
    
  • Can operate anywhere in the UAE, including direct trading with UAE-based clients and participation in government contracts.
    
  • Requires a physical office lease; subject to UAE labor law.
    
  • Now allows up to 100% foreign ownership for most activities; local partner needed only for a few sectors.
    
• Free Zone Company:
  
  • Registered in one of Abu Dhabi’s dedicated free zones (e.g., ADGM, KIZAD, ADAFZ).
    
  • 100% foreign ownership, easy profit repatriation, and often tax holidays.
    
  • Cannot trade directly with UAE mainland clients unless through a local distributor or agent.
    
  • Sector-focused and often offers flexi-desk or virtual office solutions.
    

Summary:
Choose the mainland for full UAE market access; choose a free zone for global trade, fast setup, and tax perks.

Can freelancers register a business in Abu Dhabi?

• Yes! Abu Dhabi supports freelancers through dedicated freelance permits or free zone licenses.
  
  • Popular free zones like twofour54, ADGM, and Masdar City issue freelancer licenses.
    
  • Activities include creative services, media, IT, design, and consultancy.
    
• DED eTrader License: For UAE residents, allows home-based or online businesses.
  
• Benefits:
  
  • 100% foreign ownership.
    
  • Affordable setup, sometimes without mandatory office space.
    
  • Access to UAE residency visa (in some zones).
    
• Requirements:
  
  • Proof of relevant experience/portfolio.
    
  • Passport copy, photo, possibly academic or professional certificates.
    

Freelancers can build a UAE presence legally, invoice clients, and even scale up to full company status later.

What are the tax requirements for businesses in Abu Dhabi?

• Corporate Tax: As of 2023, the UAE applies a 9% corporate tax on business profits.
  
  • Free zone companies may enjoy corporate tax holidays if they meet qualifying criteria.
    
• VAT: 5% Value Added Tax applies to most goods and services. Businesses with annual turnover.
  
• No Personal Income Tax: Neither UAE nationals nor expats pay income tax.
  
• Other Levies: No withholding tax, no capital gains tax.
  
• Compliance: Businesses must maintain proper accounting records and file annual tax returns.
  

Consult a local tax expert or business setup consultant to ensure compliance and maximize available exemptions.

How can I open a business bank account in Abu Dhabi?

• Obtain trade license: You must have your trade license and incorporation documents.
  
• Choose a bank: Leading options include FAB, ADCB, Emirates NBD, Mashreq.
  
• Submit documents:
  
  • Trade license, MOA/AOA
    
  • Shareholder and director passports
    
  • Office lease (tenancy/Ejari)
    
  • Business plan (sometimes required)
    
  • Emirates ID (if resident)
    
• KYC checks: The bank may require a personal meeting and background checks.
  
• Minimum balance: Varies by bank.
  

Start early—bank account opening can take 1–4 weeks depending on your business type and background.

Are there any government incentives for new businesses in Abu Dhabi?

• Startup funding & grants: Programs like Hub71, ADIO, and Khalifa Fund offer grants, seed funding, and support to innovative startups.
  
• Fee waivers: Periodic discounts or waivers on business setup and license renewal fees.
  
• Incubators and accelerators: Access to coworking, mentorship, and investor networking.
  
• Tax holidays: Free zones offer tax exemptions for up to 50 years.
  
• Golden Visa: Long-term residency options for entrepreneurs and investors.
  

Monitor official portals and free zone websites for the latest incentives and offers.

What legal structures are available for company formation in Abu Dhabi?

• LLC (Limited Liability Company): Most common; 1–50 shareholders; limited liability.
  
• Sole Proprietorship: Owned by one individual; full liability.
  
• Branch Office: Extension of a foreign or local company; can perform similar activities.
  
• Civil Company: For professionals (doctors, engineers, consultants).
  
• Free Zone Company: LLC, FZ-LLC, FZE (single-owner entity), depending on free zone rules.
  
• Public/Private Joint Stock Company: For larger ventures; requires substantial capital.
  

Choose based on business size, activity, and investor profile.

How can Indian entrepreneurs set up a business in Abu Dhabi?

• Full Foreign Ownership: Indian nationals can own 100% of most businesses, both in mainland and free zones.
  
• Required Steps:
  
  • Select activity and jurisdiction.
    
  • Reserve trade name, obtain initial approval.
    
  • Submit documents: passport, visa/entry stamp, business plan.
    
  • Lease office or use free zone flexi-desk.
    
  • Obtain license, apply for visas.
    
• Banking: Open an account at a recognized UAE bank.
  
• Support: Business setup consultants, Indian Business Group (IBG), and embassy can provide guidance.
  

Indian entrepreneurs are among the largest foreign business communities in Abu Dhabi.

Is it possible to get 100% foreign ownership in Abu Dhabi companies?

• Yes.
  
  • Most business activities in mainland and all free zones allow 100% foreign ownership.
    
  • Only a few sectors with strategic importance still require a UAE partner.
    
  • This reform applies to most commercial, professional, and service businesses.
    

Check the activity list with ADDED or your chosen free zone to confirm your eligibility.

What are the top free zones for business setup in Abu Dhabi?

• Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM) : Financial services, fintech, professional services.
  
• Khalifa Industrial Zone Abu Dhabi (KIZAD) : Manufacturing, trading, logistics.
  
• Abu Dhabi Airport Free Zone (ADAFZ) : Aviation, logistics, e-commerce.
  
• TwoFour54 : Media, marketing, digital content.
  
• Masdar City Free Zone : Renewable energy, sustainability.
  

Each has its own strengths—choose based on your sector, cost, and business model.

Can women entrepreneurs easily start a business in Abu Dhabi?

• Absolutely.
  
  • Equal legal rights for women to own and manage businesses.
    
  • No gender restrictions in most free zones or mainland company formation.
    
  • Access to support networks (Abu Dhabi Businesswomen Council, female entrepreneur initiatives).
    
  • Eligibility for Golden Visa and startup incentives.
    

Women-led businesses are growing rapidly and receive strong government encouragement.

What is the process for obtaining a residency visa through business setup in Abu Dhabi?

• Obtain business license: Mainland or free zone.
  
• Apply for entry permit: Submit documents via immigration (e-channel system).
  
• Complete medical tests and biometrics: Required for residency.
  
• Receive Emirates ID: After biometrics and security clearance.
  
• Residency stamping: Passport stamped for 2–3 years (renewable).
  
• Sponsor dependents: Once your visa is issued, you can sponsor family.
  

Most free zones and business setup companies in Abu Dhabi assist with the entire visa process.

How to choose the right business setup consultant in Abu Dhabi?

• Check credentials: Ensure they’re licensed and have a track record of successful setups.
  
• Industry expertise: Look for experience in your sector and jurisdiction (mainland vs. free zone).
  
• Transparent pricing: Ask for a clear breakdown of fees and inclusions—no hidden charges.
  
• Support services: Value-added offerings (banking, visas, office solutions, compliance).
  
• Client reviews: Check testimonials, case studies, and online ratings.
  
• Free consultation: Most reputable consultants offer a free initial discussion to understand your needs.
  

Working with a reliable consultant saves time, avoids errors, and ensures regulatory compliance.

What industries are booming for new businesses in Abu Dhabi in 2025?

• Renewable energy & sustainability (Masdar, clean tech).
  
• Fintech, financial services, and blockchain (ADGM).
  
• E-commerce and logistics (especially post-pandemic digital boom).
  
• Healthcare, biotech, and wellness.
  
• Media, digital marketing, and content creation (TwoFour54).
  
• Education and training.
  
• Tourism, hospitality, and food services.
  

Abu Dhabi’s Vision 2030 and post-pandemic growth initiatives are fueling rapid expansion across these sectors.

How does Abu Dhabi’s business setup process compare with Dubai?

• Regulation: Both offer streamlined, investor-friendly systems, but Abu Dhabi often features slightly lower setup costs and less congestion.
  
• Ownership: Both now allow 100% foreign ownership in most activities.
  
• Free Zones: Dubai has more free zones; Abu Dhabi’s zones are larger and focused on strategic sectors.
  
• Business Climate: Abu Dhabi is quieter and favored for industrial, clean tech, and finance; Dubai excels in tourism, retail, and trade.
  
• Licensing Speed: Similar timelines—mainland setup may be marginally faster in Dubai, but free zones are competitive.
  

Your ideal location depends on industry, target market, and lifestyle preference.

What are the penalties for non-compliance or late license renewal in Abu Dhabi?

• Late License Renewal:
  
  • Accrued penalties can prevent visa renewals and bank transactions.
    
• Non-Compliance (e.g., unapproved activities, invalid documents):
  
  • Heavy fines, business suspension, or license cancellation.
    
  • Repeated violations can result in blacklisting or bans.
    
• Other Penalties:
  
  • Labor law violations: Stiff penalties for unauthorized workers, wage delays, or safety breaches.
    

Always renew on time and stay updated with regulatory changes to avoid business disruption.

Case Studies & Success Stories: Business Setup in Abu Dhabi

Real-life success stories and case studies can be powerful proof for entrepreneurs evaluating business setup in Abu Dhabi. These examples highlight how different companies—across sectors and sizes—navigated the process, overcame challenges, and leveraged Abu Dhabi’s unique advantages for growth.

1. Fintech Startup Thrives in Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM)

A UK-based fintech company, aiming to serve the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, chose ADGM for its international reputation and robust regulatory environment. With the support of a business setup consultant:

• The founders secured a Financial Services Permission (FSP) in less than three months.
  
• They benefited from ADGM’s English common law framework and access to Hub71—a tech ecosystem offering workspace subsidies and investor connections.
  
• The company scaled rapidly, closing a Series A round within the first year, and expanded its team using the ADGM visa quota flexibility.
  

Key Lesson:

Free zones like ADGM provide the infrastructure, regulatory clarity, and funding support essential for startups in highly regulated sectors.

2. Indian Entrepreneur Expands E-commerce Venture in KIZAD Free Zone

An Indian e-commerce entrepreneur wanted to reach GCC markets with minimal overhead. After consulting with a business setup company in Abu Dhabi:

• She registered her business in KIZAD, taking advantage of its cost-effective flexi-desk package and rapid setup.
  
• She received a three-year tax holiday, 100% ownership, and warehousing solutions at below-market rates.
  
• Within 18 months, the company’s cross-border exports grew by 200%, leveraging KIZAD’s proximity to Khalifa Port and efficient customs handling.
  

Key Lesson:

For logistics, e-commerce, and export-driven companies, Abu Dhabi free zones deliver fast-tracked growth, world-class infrastructure, and zero trade restrictions.

3. Boutique Consulting Firm Goes Mainland for Local Contracts

A team of consultants from Europe chose mainland company formation in Abu Dhabi to access both private and government contracts:

• With the new 100% foreign ownership law, they established an LLC without a local partner.
  
• Secured a prestigious office in downtown Abu Dhabi, enhancing brand credibility.
  
• Within six months, the firm secured a multi-year contract with a UAE government entity, thanks to mainland eligibility and local networking.
  

Key Lesson:

Mainland company formation is crucial for businesses seeking unrestricted UAE market access, credibility, and government work.

4. Solo Freelancer Builds Brand with TwoFour54 Free Zone

A British graphic designer, living in the UAE, launched a solo business via a twofour54 freelancer license:

• Simple setup with minimal paperwork and no need for a physical office.
  
• Full legal ability to invoice clients, sponsor own residency, and participate in creative industry workshops.
  
• Won projects with local brands and international agencies through twofour54 networking events.
  

Key Lesson:

Freelancers in media, design, and content sectors benefit from sector-specific free zones that offer both flexibility and industry exposure.

Testimonials

“Setting up in Abu Dhabi was straightforward with the right guidance. My business had all licenses and a bank account in just 10 days!”
— Ramesh S., Logistics Entrepreneur

“Hub71 gave my tech startup not just funding but also a network of mentors and customers. Abu Dhabi’s ecosystem is truly global.”
— Fatima A., AI SaaS Founder

In summary:

Abu Dhabi’s business setup ecosystem supports diverse ventures, from solo professionals to multinational corporations, providing customized solutions, world-class infrastructure, and a growth-oriented regulatory environment.

Common Mistakes to Avoid When Setting Up a Business in Abu Dhabi

Despite Abu Dhabi’s business-friendly climate, many new entrepreneurs encounter avoidable setbacks. Understanding common pitfalls will save you time, money, and frustration, ensuring your business setup in Abu Dhabi is both efficient and compliant.

1. Choosing the Wrong Jurisdiction or Legal Structure

• Mainland vs. Free Zone: Selecting the wrong jurisdiction can restrict your market access or create unnecessary costs. For instance, free zone companies cannot trade directly in the UAE mainland without a local agent.
  
• Legal Structure: Not aligning your choice (LLC, sole proprietorship, branch, etc.) with your business goals or industry requirements can lead to compliance issues or missed opportunities.
  

2. Incomplete or Incorrect Documentation

• Submitting outdated, missing, or incorrectly attested documents is one of the biggest reasons for delays.
  
• Always double-check that all papers—passport copies, MOA, tenancy contract, approvals—are up to date, notarized, and translated if necessary.
  

3. Ignoring License and Activity Restrictions

• Not all business activities are allowed in every jurisdiction. Choosing a license that doesn’t match your planned services can result in fines or license revocation.
  
• Some activities (e.g., medical, education, financial services) require extra approvals from sector authorities.
  

4. Underestimating Setup and Ongoing Costs

• Failing to account for annual license renewal, office lease, visa renewals, or admin fees can strain your budget.
  
• Avoid going for the cheapest package without understanding hidden costs or limitations—especially regarding office space and visa quotas.
  

5. Delaying License or Visa Renewals

• Missing renewal deadlines results in monthly fines, potential business suspension, and problems with bank accounts or staff visas.
  

6. Not Consulting a Business Setup Expert

• The regulatory landscape is dynamic; rules and requirements change frequently.
  
• Skipping expert guidance can lead to costly mistakes, wasted time, and missed incentives.
  

7. Opening a Bank Account Too Late

• UAE banks have strict KYC requirements; not preparing documents or starting the process early can delay your operations by weeks.
  

8. Failing to Understand Tax Compliance

• With the introduction of UAE corporate tax and ongoing VAT rules, not setting up proper bookkeeping or tax compliance from day one can result in heavy penalties.
  

Pro Tips Checklist:

• ✅ Conduct thorough jurisdiction and activity research.
  
• ✅ Prepare all documents meticulously, with proper attestation.
  
• ✅ Understand costs—both setup and recurring.
  
• ✅ Consult with a business setup consultant in Abu Dhabi.
  
• ✅ Track renewal dates and compliance requirements.
  
• ✅ Set up accounting and tax compliance from day one.
  

Avoiding these common mistakes will ensure your business launch in Abu Dhabi is smooth, compliant, and set up for success.

How to Choose the Best Business Setup Company in Abu Dhabi

With dozens of business setup companies and consultants in Abu Dhabi, finding the right partner can make or break your launch experience. The best business setup company in Abu Dhabi doesn’t just process paperwork—they offer strategic guidance, help you avoid costly errors, and maximize every incentive available to you.

1. Credentials and Licensing

• Ensure Legal Registration: Only work with licensed business setup consultants recognized by Abu Dhabi authorities.
  
• Years in Business: Established firms with a proven track record are better equipped to navigate regulatory changes.
  

2. Industry and Jurisdiction Expertise

• Sector Knowledge: Pick a consultant experienced in your industry—be it fintech, trading, media, or manufacturing.
  
• Mainland vs. Free Zone: Some consultants specialize in free zone setups, while others are experts in mainland regulations. Choose accordingly.
  

3. Transparency in Pricing

• Itemized Quotes: Request a clear, itemized quote listing all costs—government fees, consulting charges, visa processing, and additional services.
  
• No Hidden Fees: Beware of vague offers; transparency is crucial for long-term trust.
  

4. End-to-End Support

• Full-Service Solutions: The best business setup companies in Abu Dhabi handle everything: company registration, licensing, visas, office search, bank account opening, and compliance.
  
• Aftercare: Good consultants offer ongoing support—renewals, amendments, and compliance updates.
  

5. Client Testimonials and Case Studies

• Real Client Feedback: Check independent reviews, testimonials, and published case studies.
  
• Success Stories: Reputable firms are proud to showcase successful setups for companies similar to yours.
  

6. Value-Added Services

• Banking Relationships: Help with opening business bank accounts—an often tricky process for new entrepreneurs.
  
• Tax & Accounting: Assistance with VAT, corporate tax, and bookkeeping setup.
  
• Workspace Solutions: Flexible options for office space, virtual offices, or co-working hubs.
  

7. Free Initial Consultation

• Personalized Advice: Most top consultants offer a free, no-obligation consultation. Use this to gauge their expertise, transparency, and communication.
  

Comparison Table: Top Business Setup Companies in Abu Dhabi

Always verify recent reviews and speak directly to the consultants before committing.

Checklist for Choosing Your Consultant

• ✅ Are they licensed and experienced?
  
• ✅ Do they have positive, recent client reviews?
  
• ✅ Is pricing transparent with no hidden charges?
  
• ✅ Do they offer a free consultation and aftercare?
  
• ✅ Can they handle your specific business activity and jurisdiction?
  

In summary:

The right business setup consultant in Abu Dhabi is a strategic partner—ensuring you launch smoothly, remain compliant, and are positioned for long-term success. Take your time, ask questions, and choose wisely.

Conclusion – Ready to Start Your Business in Abu Dhabi?

Abu Dhabi stands out as one of the world’s premier destinations for entrepreneurs, startups, and established companies seeking a dynamic, future-ready business environment. With visionary government reforms, 100% foreign ownership across most sectors, and a wealth of free zones and industry clusters, business setup in Abu Dhabi has never been more accessible or rewarding.

From understanding the differences between mainland and free zone company formation, to navigating tax regulations and securing all required documents, this guide has walked you through every critical step. Abu Dhabi’s streamlined setup processes, robust banking infrastructure, and strong support for innovation ensure that whether you’re a solo freelancer, a small business owner, or an international corporation, you’ll find the resources you need to succeed.

Key Takeaways:

• Flexible Jurisdictions: Choose the setup—mainland or free zone—that best matches your goals, budget, and customer base.
  
• Transparent Costs: Plan ahead for setup and renewal fees, office space, and visas to ensure financial stability.
  
• Fast, Simple Registration: Benefit from digital portals, “one-stop shop” free zones, and world-class business setup consultants in Abu Dhabi.
  
• Robust Legal Protection: Enjoy strong intellectual property laws, investor-friendly policies, and modern dispute resolution frameworks.
  
• Growth Opportunities: Access to government tenders, international markets, and a skilled, diverse workforce.
  
• Incentives and Support: Leverage grants, accelerators, and Golden Visas to scale and thrive.
  

Your Next Steps:

1. Define your business activity and ideal legal structure.
   
2. Research and select the jurisdiction—mainland or free zone—that fits your vision.
   
3. Prepare documents, reserve your trade name, and apply for pre-approvals.
   
4. Consider partnering with a trusted business setup consultant in Abu Dhabi to simplify the process and maximize benefits.
   
5. Launch confidently—and focus on growth!
   

Ready to start?

Contact a reputable business setup consultant in Abu Dhabi today, or explore official government portals like Abu Dhabi Department of Economic Development (ADDED) or leading free zone authorities. With the right guidance and preparation, your business can join the thousands already succeeding in this world-class city.

Abu Dhabi isn’t just a place to do business—it’s a launchpad for your vision, growth, and global success.

How do I set up a business in Abu Dhabi?

To set up a business in Abu Dhabi, decide your business activity and legal structure, reserve a trade name, choose between mainland or free zone setup, get initial approvals, submit required documents, obtain your license, and open a bank account. Costs and processes vary by business type, but the government’s streamlined approach makes setup fast and investor-friendly.